What was the outcome of the 1979 Egyptian - Israeli Peace Treaty?
General Reference (not clearly pro or con)
Ian J. Bickerton, PhD, Professor of Middle Eastern History at the University of New South Wales, and Carla L. Klausner, PhD, Professor of the Modern Middle East at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, in their 2002, fourth edition of A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict wrote:
"The reaction of the Arab States to the
signing of the peace treaty was far more harsh and swift than
anticipated by Egypt or by the United States. Nineteen members of the
Arab League immediately met in Baghdad, Iraq, and, on March 31, 1979,
issued a communiqué
outlining political and economic sanctions against Egypt. By early May,
all the Arab countries except Oman and Sudan, close allies of Sadat,
had severed diplomatic relations with Egypt. In addition, Egypt was
suspended from the twenty-two member Arab League, expelled from the
Islamic Conference, and ousted from a number of Arab financial and
economic institutions such as the Federation of Arab Banks and the
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)."
Mark Tessler, PhD, Samuel J. Eldersveld Collegiate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan, in his 1994 book titled A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, wrote:
"Following the signing of the peace treaty, Israel completed the first
stage of its withdrawal from Sinai on schedule, such that about
two-thirds of the peninsula, including the economically important Alma
oil fields, had been returned to Egypt by November 1979. During this
period there were also important developments in the normalization of
relations between the two countries. As early as the summer of 1979,
for example, Egypt was visited by leaders of the Israel Broadcast
Authority, the Histardrut [Israeli Trade Union], and the Israeli
Manufacturers Association, as well as by delegations of businessmen,
university professors, and others. The first group of Israeli tourists
also traveled to Egypt at this time, and they were met upon their
arrival by a welcome sign in Hebrew. Travel in the other direction
brought Egyptian businessmen, industrialists, and senior government
officials to Israel; and, in addition, the two countries coordinated
tourist exchanges, made plans to establish a joint agricultural
development company, agreed in principle to reopen the Lod-Cairo rail
link, and initiated talks designed to produce cooperative ventures in
many other areas. The culmination of these developments came early in
1980, when Israel and Egypt exchanged ambassadors."
Albert Hourani, the late Oxford historian, in his 1991 book titled A History of the Arab Peoples wrote:
"The agreement [Peace Treaty] with Israel, was repudiated not only by
the Palestinians but by most other Arab states, with greater or lesser
degrees of conviction, and Egypt was formally expelled from the Arab
League, which moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. [Egyptian]
President Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by members of a group who
opposed his policy and wished to restore the Islamic basis of Egyptian
society, but the main lines of his policy were continued by his
successor, Husni Mubarak. In the course of the next few years, Egypt's
relations with the United States grew closer, and it received large
amounts of financial and military aid."